Vehicle exhaust emissions


 Exhaust emissions are a mixture of different gases and particles emitted by vehicles when the engine is running. 

These emissions can reduce the quality of the air around us, particularly in big cities that are congested with cars. 

The combination of exhaust fumes and other particulates released into the atmosphere are a major factor of global warming. According to the the UK Government's Transport and Environment Statistics 2024, domestic transport is the largest contributor to our total greenhouse gas emissions, at 28% in 2022.

These emissions also include harmless chemicals such as oxygen, nitrogen and water.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the one we’ve all heard of, but there are other less well-known substances coming from our cars that are damaging.

Vehicle exhaust gases and pollutants

Cars emit a potent cocktail of exhaust gases, many of which have harmful effects. They include:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) – CO2 is a greenhouse gas, thought to be a major contributing factor to climate change. Although technically non-toxic, excessive volumes contribute towards ocean acidification.
  • Carbon monoxide (CO) – This invisible gas is the result of incomplete combustion of fuel and is very toxic to humans. Most modern engines only produce tiny amounts of it thanks to efficient combustion processes, but older engines are bigger offenders.
  • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – Nitrogen oxides are produced in any combustion process. They are highly reactive and can contribute to smog when they come into contact with other airborne chemicals. Some manufacturers famously cheated NOx tests.
  • Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – This is a colourless gas that smells like burnt matches and occurs naturally in crude oil used to refine petrol and diesel. It forms acids when burned, leading to engine corrosion and smog. 
  • Hydrocarbons (HC) – HCs escape from exhausts as unburnt fuel due to incomplete combustion. They also evaporate from the fuel tank and nozzle when you fill up at the petrol station. 
  • Benzene (C6H6) – This occurs naturally in petrol and diesel in very small quantities and is also emitted from vehicle exhausts as unburnt fuel. Benzene is a carcinogenic substance and high levels of inhalation can severely harm human health. 
  • Particulates – Diesel engines emit airborne particles of black soot and metal, known as particulate matter. Modern cars are fitted with diesel particulate filters (DPFs) to reduce the number of harmful particles being pumped out into the atmosphere.

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