Electric Trains

 




How does an electric train work?

It might be surprising to know that in electric trains, the power collected from the overhead lines ends up in the grounding cable of the track after flowing through the wheels. Three phase power conversion, regenerative braking and zig-zag overheadlines - all these make electric train technology quite unique. Let’s understand all the engineering behind the electric trains. Let me start from the simplest possible design.

Design 1: A basic of electric train

The simplest version of an electric train is shown in fig 1a. Here, a single sliding wire collects electric power from the overhead lines. This power is fed to a single-phase induction motor. The induction motor's rotor is connected with the wheels. To complete circuit, the induction motor's other terminal is grounded. This grounding connection is possible because the wire is first connected to the wheels through an axle brush. The wheel is always in contact with the track, and the track is grounded. The current from the OHL( overhead line) flows to the ground. It first passes through the induction motor, then the axle brushes, then the wheels, and finally to the track and ground (refer fig 1a). When the current passes through, the induction motor's rotor spins, along with the wheels. However, a spinning wheel will move forward, which means the next grounding circuit should be available at a very short distance from the previous one.

Design 2 : why do we need a transformer in electric train?

Let’s improve this design and make our train more functional. The voltage used in the overhead line is 25 kilo Volt, which is a huge voltage, right?. Motors require much less voltage to run. For this reason, we need to feed it to a step down transformer, which transforms the voltage to the desired level (refer fig 2a). The power supply from the overhead Line initially passes through the transformer's primary, and here, the circuit is completed due to the grounding. Because of the transformer's action, the current will be induced in the secondary winding and reduced voltage power is fed to the motor.

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